Morality+Without+a+Religious+Base

MORALITY WITHOUT A RELIGIOUS BASE     Should morality always include religion?       Eva Mariann Hernandez  Escuela Internacional Sampedrana  <span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ABSTRACT <span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Having a moral education depends on many factors. The first factor depends on how well an individual was educated on moral principles. The second factor depends on a person’s logic and interpretation. The last factor that should be included in a moral life is religion. However, not every moral principle should be lead by a religion base. Daniel Dennet and Richard Dawkins prove that religion is not obligatory in the life of a person in order to become moral. A moral agent is a person <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> who develops moral principles of right and wrong and takes these principles into account when making decisions to act and when evaluating the actions of others. Moral agents use logic in order to analyze their next step or action. On the other hand, Edgar Andrews is a creationist that states the creation of Earth after God created it. Meanwhile, Dr. Wilder smith argues that God asks for specific behaviors in order to achieve forgiveness and acceptance in heaven. They both agree on the need of religion in order to be a moral person. Considering lack of religion from the rest of the scientific, philosophic, and theoretic community is insignificant for them. Their believe is that a Supreme Being has always being ruling and therefore rules comes from him. Religion should not be included in the life of a moral person for various reasons and should only be consider when there is a special need from people to believe in something. Most people need to believe in something in order to act correctly. <span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Society is base​d on rules and values stated by past societies. It is society that imposes the accepted actions in every individual through moral principles. Moral principles are the right and wrong principles accepted by individuals as values. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">An accepted rule of action or an accepted behavior is considered to be a good principle. The opposite behavior of a right principle will be a wrong principle. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">They rely on the individual human behavior and are determined by the duty of each individual. The duty is in relationship of how each individual plays an important <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">role  <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">in every society. There is a saying in economics, “There is no such thing as a free lunch.” If you are invited by a friend to have a free lunch because he is <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">buying it  <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">to you,  <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">the meal would be free for you but it will not be for him. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">However, if there was a sign stating that there was a free lunch-hour in a restaurant, to celebrate a national holiday, it will be free for you but not for the restaurant. Lastly, if the suppliers of the restaurant donate the materials for the meal, it will cost them but not the restaurant; by donating they are not paying taxes which will create a lower income for the government’s economy. So in the end **, ** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">society ends up paying the free lunch you had with your friend. Now, apply this scenario to morality, if a <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">12-hour worker has a very important impact on the economy of a society it is because it provides his work a bigger production. So, this same worker decides to work honestly and efficiently, he is giving moral principles to his community. If his community looks at the good behaviors, they will imitate him and therefore have moral principles. As an effect there will be a moral society. It is society that stresses the standard behavior of good behavior. Society is governed by rules and standards for the common being. Moral principles are the shape of a good behavior alone, without religious beliefs. Their existence <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">is  <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">observed by every good action on humans. Right conduct <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">is a  <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">part of moral principles in society. It’s imposed by society on their right or wrong accepted norms. Religion does not have to be part of the existence of moral principles in order to directly affect society in different ways. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ethics proposed moral principles as the conduct of a normal life. Religion is not part of a good independent character; moral decisions <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">are based on logic. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> “ <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Those considerations that are selected by the agent as having a more than negligible bearing on the decision then figure in a reasoning process, and if the agent is in the main reasonable, those considerations ultimately serve as predictors and explicators of the agent's final decision.” (Dennet, D. 1978, “Giving Libertarians What They Say") Logic is included in every moral choice. As Daniel Dennet stated in his quote, an individual stops to consider his action and realizes with predictions and explanations of the consequences. People without a religion  <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">can have  <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a very moral life with a lot of good values. People’s principles are based on their actions and analysis; they pertain <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">to decision making, taking in consideration  <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">what is best for humanity. Religious ideas are good but they do not concentrate on the behavior of people. Religion bases its ideas on idealizing the true behavior of men. It does not stop to see if the ideas are able to be applied in every human being. People will start separating from their religion because they will find too difficult to fulfill the religious expectations. A good or bad moral principle is the result of a logical person that pauses and considers his or her action. “Love and religion are acts of endless forgiveness, a tender look which becomes a habit.” <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">(Ustinov,P. ND) Religion teaches to love your neighbor and forgiveness, but they also teach self-respect. People should always look to make the good choice. Being <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">moral person refers to being able to analyze what is good and bad in order to proceed. “Religion is not something separate and apart from ordinary life. It is life -- life of every kind viewed from the standpoint of meaning and purpose: life lived in the fuller awareness of its human quality and spiritual significance.” (Davis,A. ND) A human being must not <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">act in order to please  <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">others; religion teaches  <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">the good will for others before yours. This is the greatest example in which religion does not necessarily need to be with morality because it asks for an amoral behavior. Before somebody can be moral, they need to respect themselves in order to see how they can have good actions. Therefore, a person that knows after pleasing him what is good for him would chose the good things in order to act it towards society. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Society must <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">understand that principles  <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">are never violated if someone does not belong to a religion. All societies and people have principles, regardless of their religion. Morality should be seen as something to improve life. Many <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">citizens  <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">see morality as a good afterlife, but they need to live with morality for a good life. Their present is the most important thing to consider in every moral life. By deciding to live an honest, patient, and respectful life people learn to understand the meaning of life. If they base their life on their afterlife, they will never learn to live correctly, <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">they will  <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">not be happy. Imagine a person sacrificing all the time his willing believing he will have a better life in the afterlife. The result is derisive because he will not be enjoying most of his life. Religious books were written by humans, the principles came from past societies. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Rules are part of every society, their understanding is very important because moral principles are needed in the binding with religion. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">From time to time the populations change and they passed in their genes favorable characteristics. As a result, there are more favorable characteristics for each person, eliminating unfavorable characteristics. Therefore, people remain more closely in their relationships with human ties. Stronger human ties make the actions of people to be good. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Humans must understand that morality <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">does not  <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">come from religion. Morality comes from different sources, such as past experiences. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The writers of the bible or religious texts were completely human while they wrote the books. They wrote the stories through divine inspiration and past experiences. They saw the principles they were writing in their texts as values because they had seen the effects on their society. So, their ideas can be taken <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">outside from religion. “I cannot conceive of a God who rewards and punishes his [sic] creatures, or has a will of the type of which we are conscious ourselves.” (Einstein, A. ND) <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Religion passages offer violent means referring to among actions. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">If a modern parent stoned to death a child or adolescent for not honoring them, society will think of them as amoral. Yet, these are the punishments written inside the bible for such acts. Since modern humans do not keep track of their religious texts to the letter, they have other methods for determining which punishment they want to follow and which punishment they are willing <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">to  <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">discard; following  <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">religion is not always the right thing. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The religious command is not always secure; being obedient just because of a good behavior is dictated by God. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">"The Bible teaches us that we are the living <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">lessons that God uses to demonstrate His  <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">divine wisdom to the angelic beings as He  <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">works in us. How God deals with us in this  <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">world demonstrates His character to the  <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">angels! " <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">(  <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Wilder, S. 1994) As Wilder states that having a moral code comes from a superior being from a religious own purpose, in order for somebody to be moral, they need to follow religion. However, he does not believe that a moral code is constructed by the behavior and beliefs of somebody when they rationalize their norms and rules.  ** “ ** <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">When I do well, I feel good; when I do badly, I feel bad. That's my religion.” (Lincoln, A. ND) A person’s behavior is not controlled by a superior being because morality comes from the questioning if something is good  <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">or bad. Then, religion asks for good conducts from individuals in order to live in an equalized and safe world. Religion and the religious texts // ask // <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">for good behavior and for violent acts. Religion beliefs they have the right to ask for violent acts in order to have moral principles in people’s life. Most of the time, religion tends to // ask // <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">for really sacrifices and violent acts to test faith. People without faith are more moral than religious people because they are never tested in such a cruel <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">and interesting  <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">way. Lastly, ethics is not only an opinion <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">rather a way of life,  <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">given to people through a religious basis. It is true, ethics dictates the correct action; it refers to the better position of a human in his or her actions. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Most people will consider believing religion should not be included in morality as blasphemous. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Since the beginning of creation or evolution humans has conducted behaviors in which to believe and analyze. Such behaviors will be to respect others and do goods to others. However, in society exists a gap between morality and religion. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">People’s own willingness <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">is to do whatever they want and to perform as they want to in different situations. However, analyzing an abortion can lead to many arguments. The gap between religion and morality is pretty obvious in this case. By having an abortion in case that the baby is very sick and that it will only live three days after being born, leads to a mother to take the wrong decision. Religion will state that it is a sin to end somebody <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">else's life, but does it actually counts as a sin when you can prevent that little person from suffering? Morality is about taking the right decisions at the right time in order to have productive results. The abortion in this scenario will have morality because it will prevent the baby from dying a painful death after being born. However, it went against the religious divine command to end the baby’s life. Most of the times humans need to understand their actions by moral principles, after being formed by the logic of people. Religion may call to violent and amoral means. Moral principles are the good traits of people after asking themselves for the right behavior. Every individual has good and bad actions, their logic intercede on their decision. <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">

<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> __<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">BIBLIOGRAPHY __ <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1. <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Falex, I. (2003) “The Moral Principle” Retrieved MArch 8,2010 from <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> []  <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2. <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Flickety, B. (2009) “How to determine Moral Principles” Retrieved March 8,2010 from <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> []  <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3. <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hanks, J. (2010) “Morality without religion” Retrieved March 12,2010 from <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> []  <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4. <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Schumann,P. (2003) “Moral Principles” Retrieved March 9,2010 from <span style="color: green; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">krypton.mnsu.edu/~schumann/www/teach/chapter_2.ppt <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">5. <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sowa, C. (2000) “Thesaurus of Morals” Retrieved March 10,2010 from <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> [|http://www.humanismbyjoe.com/morality_without_religion.htm]  <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">6. <span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Thomson, R. (2009) Journal Citation Reports® **First published in 1798.**